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MS-DOS/Windows |
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v5.0.002 (W)v4.30 (D) |
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Nov., 2004 |
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Yes |
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USEPA |
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Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) - comprehensive computer model for analysis
of quantity and quality problems associated with urban runoffs.
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Both single-event and continuous simulation can be performed on catchments
having storm sewers, or combined sewers and natural drainage, for
prediction of flows, stages and pollutant concentrations.
Extran Block solves complete dynamic flow routing equations (St. Venant equations) for
accurate simulation of backwater, looped connections, surcharging, and
pressure flow. Modeler can simulate all aspects of the urban hydrologic
and quality cycles, including rainfall, snowmelt, surface and subsurface
runoff, flow routing through drainage network, storage and treatment.
Statistical analyses can be performed on long-term precipitation data
and on output from continuous simulation. SWMM can be used for
planning and design. Planning mode is used for an overall assessment
of urban runoff problem or proposed abatement options.
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The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was originally developed for the
EPA between 1969 and 1971 (Metcalf and Eddy, 1971) and
was the first comprehensive model of
its type for urban runoff analysis. Maintenance and improvements to SWMM
led to Version 2 in 1975, Version 3 in 1981 and now Version 4
(Huber and Dickinson, 1988; Roesner et al., 1988).
Version 4.3 of SWMM (November 1993) is the latest edition of this
comprehensive computer model for analysis of quantity and quality
problems associated with urban runoff.
Both single-event and continuous
simulation may be performed on catchments having storm sewers, or
combined sewers and natural drainage, for prediction of flows, stages
and pollutant concentrations.
The Extran Block (Roesner et al., 1988) solves the complete
dynamic flow routing equations (St. Venant equations) for accurate
simulation of backwater, looped connections, surcharging, and pressure
flow. Using SWMM, the modeler can simulate all aspects of the urban
hydrologic and quality cycles, including rainfall, snowmelt, surface and
subsurface runoff, flow routing through the drainage network, storage
and treatment. Statistical analyses may be performed on long-term
precipitation data and on output from continuous simulation.
The model
may be used for both planning and design. The planning mode is used for
an overall assessment of the urban runoff problem and proposed abatement
options. This mode is typified by continuous simulation for several
years using long-term precipitation data. Catchment schematization is
usually "coarse" in keeping with the planning level of analysis.
The
Statistics Block may be used for frequency analysis of the long term
time series of hydrographs and pollutographs and for identification of
individual hydrologic events that may be of special interest. A
design-level, event simulation also may be run using a detailed
catchment schematization and shorter time steps for precipitation input.
The Rain Block is used for processing of hourly and 15-minute
precipitation time series for input to continuous simulation. This block
also incorporates the statistical analysis procedures of the EPA SYNOP
model (USEPA, 1976; Woodward-Clyde, 1989) for characterization of
storm events. The Statistics Block
may alternatively be used for statistical analysis of the precipitation
time series.
Although the historical basis of the model was for analysis
of urban runoff quality problems, the model often is used just for
hydrologic and hydraulic analysis.
The Extran Block has proven
especially valuable for sophisticated hydraulic analysis of urban
drainage networks. An option for both the Extran (St. Venant equations)
and Transport (kinematic wave equations) Blocks is use of natural
channel cross-section data in the same form as required by the
Hydrologic Engineering Center's HEC2 program. In this manner, Extran can
perform a dynamic backwater analysis. The model is designed for use by
engineers and scientists experienced in urban hydrological and water
quality processes. Although the two user's manuals explain most
computational algorithms, an engineering background is necessary to
appreciate most methods being used and to verify that the model results
are reasonable.
SWMM Version 4 is microcomputer based (DOS-compatible),
although the Fortran code may be compiled on any machine. Execution
times are on the order of a few seconds to several minutes for most jobs
on a 386/486 machine. However, simulation of large areas with many
subcatchments and/or channels for many time steps can require several
hours on a microcomputer. The user is well advised to use the most
powerful microcomputer available.
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2. Assumptions and Limitations
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The model performs best in urbanized areas with
impervious drainage, although it has been widely used elsewhere.
Quantity simulations are enhanced by the calibration/verification
process, but can be expected to resemble measured data fairly accurately
if good information is known about area, imperviousness and rainfall.
Quality simulations must be calibrated in order to be credible in terms
of absolute magnitudes (Huber, 1986; Donigian and Huber, 1991).
Technical limitations include lack of subsurface quality routing (a
constant concentration is used), no interaction of quality processes
(apart from adsorption), difficulty in simulation of wetlands quality
processes (except as can be represented as storage processes), and a
weak scour deposition routine in the Transport Block.
The biggest
impediment to model usage is the user interface, with its lack of menus
and graphical output. The model is still run in a batch mode (the user
constructs an input file with an editor), unless third-party software is
used for pre- and post-processing.
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For hydrologic simulation in the Runoff Block, data requirements include
area, imperviousness, slope, roughness, width (a shape factor),
depression storage, and infiltration parameters for either the Horton or
Green-Ampt equations for up to 100 subcatchments. (Number of
subcatchments, pipes, etc. is variable depending on the compilation).
The program is driven by precipitation for up to ten gages (distributed
spatially), and evaporation. Additional data are required if simulation
of snowmelt, subsurface drainage, and infiltration/inflow options are
employed. The subsurface drainage option is especially useful in
locations where true overland flow rarely occurs because of flat, sandy
soils.
Flow routing can be performed in the Runoff, Transport and Extran
Blocks, in increasing order of sophistication. Input data include shape
and dimensions of closed conduits and open channels, slope, roughness;
and for Extran, invert and ground surface elevations. Additional
information is required for the description of weirs, orifices, pumps
and storage, if simulated. Extran can also simulate dynamic boundary
conditions, e.g., tides. Storage-indication routing may be performed in
the Transport and Storage/Treatment Blocks, with appropriate data on
volume vs. outflow.
Quality processes are initiated in the Runoff Block and include options
for constant concentration, regression of load vs. flow, and buildup
washoff, with the latter requiring the most data (Donigian and Huber, 1991).
Additional options
include street cleaning, erosion, and quality contributions from
precipitation, catchbasins, adsorption, and base flow. EPA Nationwide
Urban Runoff Program (USEPA, 1983) data are often used as starting values for
quality computations. Quality routing in subsequent blocks (except for
Extran) requires few additional data, except for the Storage/Treatment
Block in which several removal processes can be simulated.
Depending upon the simulation objective, input data requirements can be
minimal to extensive. For simulation of a complete drainage network data
collection can be accomplished within a few days, but reducing the data
for input to the model may take up to 3 person-weeks for a large area
(e.g., greater than about 2000 acres).
For an Extran simulation of sewer
hydraulics, expensive and time consuming field verification of sewer
invert elevations often is required. However, most data reduction, such
as tabulation of elevations, lengths and dimensions, is straightforward.
Blocks may be used in series or individually. For example, the user may
generate inlet hydrographs by means other than SWMM and then use only
the SWMM flow routing options. SWMM interfacing requirements are clearly
defined. E.g., output may be directed to the EPA
WASP receiving water
model (9).
Calibration data consist of measured hydrographs and pollutographs for
use in establishing values of input parameters for which a priori
estimates are insufficient. It is often possible to obtain good
agreement between predicted and measured hydrographs with little
calibration effort. This is not true for quality simulation for which
calibration data are essential to obtain credible simulations of
pollutographs.
Without such measured concentrations and loads, SWMM
quality simulation is at best only suited for relative comparisons
between control strategies and should not be relied upon for prediction
of absolute magnitudes of concentrations and loads (Huber, 1986;
Donigian and Huber, 1991). No firm
numbers can be given for the required amount of calibration and
verification events, but six of each should provide a robust calibration
and verification.
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Basic SWMM output consists of hydrographs and pollutographs
(concentration vs. time) at any desired location in the drainage system.
Depths and velocities are also available as are summary statistics on
surcharging, volumes, continuity and other quantity parameters.
Additional quality output includes loads, source identification,
continuity, residuals (e.g., sludge), and other parameters.
The Statistics Block may be used to separate hydrographs and pollutographs
into storm events and then compute statistics on parameters such as
volume, duration, intensity, interevent time, load, average
concentration, and peak concentration. A hydraulic design routine in the
Transport Block will resize conduits to pass peak flows. Either metric
or U.S. customary units may be used.
Most output is tabular. Microcomputer graphics are accessed through
exports to spreadsheets or other graphics packages and through third
party software for pre- and post-processing. The latter includes options
for dynamic plots of the hydraulic grade line produced by the Extran
Block. Linkages have also been prepared to geographic information
systems (Huber et al., 1991; Curtis and Huber, 1993).
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SWMM has an impressive longevity. It has been used in scores of U.S.
cities as well as extensively in Canada, Europe, Australia and elsewhere
(Huber, 1992). A large body of literature on theory and case studies is
available, partly documented in a bibliography of SWMM-related
publications (Huber et al., 1985) and elsewhere (Donigian and Huber,
1991; Huber, 1992).
The model has been used for very
complex hydraulic analysis for combined sewer overflow mitigation as
well as for many stormwater management planning studies and pollution
abatement projects, and there are many instances of successful
calibration and verification. Because of its public domain status,
extensive feedback has been received from users on needed corrections
and enhancements, and the model is continuously updated through
interaction with CEAM.
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Curtis, T.G., and W.C. Huber, (1993), SWMM AML - An ARC/INFO Processor
for the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), Proc. 1993 Runoff Quantity
and Quality Modeling Conference, Reno, NV, (NTIS, in press), U.S. EPA,
Athens, GA, 30605.
Donigian, A.S., Jr. and W.C. Huber, (1991), Modeling of Nonpoint Source
Water Quality in Urban and Non-Urban Areas, EPA/600/3-91/039, U.S. EPA,
Athens, GA, 30605.
Huber, W.C., (1986), Deterministic Modeling of Urban Runoff Quality, In:
H.C.Torno et. al. (eds.) Urban Runoff Pollution, Proceedings of the NATO
Advanced Research Workshop on Urban Runoff Pollution, Montpellier,
France. Springer-Verlag, New York, Series G: Ecological Sciences,
10:167-242.
Huber, W.C., (1992), Experience with the U.S. EPA SWMM Model for
Analysis and Solution of Urban Drainage Problems, Proceedings,
Inundaciones Y Redes De Drenaje Urbano, J. Dolz, M. Gomez, and J.P.
Martin, eds., Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales Y Puertos,
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, p.199-220.
Huber, W.C. and R.E. Dickinson, (1988), Storm Water Management Model,
Version 4, User's Manual, EPA/600/3-88/001a (NTIS PB88-236641/AS), U.S.
EPA, Athens, GA, 30605.
Huber, W.C., Heaney, J.P. and B.A. Cunningham, (1985), Storm Water
Management Model (SWMM) Bibliography, EPA/600/3-85/077 (NTIS
PB86-136041/AS), U.S. EPA, Athens, GA, September 1985.
Huber, W.C., Zollo, A.F., Tarbox, T.W. and J.P. Heaney, (1991),
Integration of the SWMM Runoff Block with ARC/INFO and AutoCAD: A Case
Study. Final Report to Foster-Wheeler Enviresponse, Inc. and U.S. EPA,
Edison, NJ, Contract VN1-320-420000, from Dept. of Environmental
Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Martin, J.L., (1993), Modification of the Storm Water Management Model's
(SWMM's) Transport Submodel for Creation of a Hydrodynamic Linkage to
the Water Analysis Simulation Program (WASP), Report to Camp, Dresser
and McKee, Inc. by AScI Corp., Athens, GA, 30605.
Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., University of Florida, and Water Resources
Engineers, Inc., (1971), Storm Water Management Model, Vol. I. Final
Report, 11024DOC07/71 (NTIS PB-203289), U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, 20460.
Roesner, L.A., Aldrich, J.A. and R.E. Dickinson, (1988), Storm Water
Management Model, Version 4, User's Manual: Extran Addendum,
EPA/600/3-88/001b (NTIS PB88-236658/AS), U.S. EPA, Athens, GA, 30605.
U.S. EPA., (1976), Areawide Assessment Procedures Manual, Three Volumes.
1976 et seq. EPA-600/9-76-014, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH, 45268.
U.S. EPA., (1983), Results of the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program,
Volume I. Final Report, NTIS PB84-185552, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC,
20460.
U.S. EPA., (1992), CEAM Systems Development Life Cycle Methodology
(SDLCM) Statement of Policy, Standards, and Guidelines - Version 1.00.
U.S. EPA, Athens, GA, 30605. Woodward-Clyde Consultants, (1989),
Synoptic Analysis of Selected Rainfall Gages Throughout the United
States. Report to U.S. EPA, Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Oakland, CA.
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File / Windows v5.0.002 |
Size |
Download |
SWMM 5.0 Installation program for Windows 98/95/ME/XP/NT/2000 |
2.17MB |
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SWMM 5.0 Users Manual in Adobe PDF format. 245 pages |
1.74MB |
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Utility for converting SWMM 4 data files to SWMM 5 files |
1.48MB |
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File / MS-DOS v4.3 |
Size |
Download |
SWMM Installation program for MS-DOS(with FORTRAN source codes) |
1.59MB |
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Additional data sets to test sections of SWMM v4.20 |
0.42MB |
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SWMM installation image, Zipped
(in case that you're
having a difficulty with EPA's installation program) |
0.9MB |
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SWMM FORTRAN source codes |
0.4MB |
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Windows-version of SWMM was developed by the EPA Office of Science and
Technology in 1994 as a Windows-based, menu-driven interface for parts
of SWMM. It has been useful as a training tool, but is too limited
in capabilities to be a useful production tool. This
Windows version is not
recommended by W. Huber for other than simple or learning simulations
on the basis of numerous small errors that have never been corrected.
Support for the program by the EPA Office of Water has been discontinued
as of November 1999 and the program is no longer available. For
further information, contact
Russ Kinerson, at (202) 260-1330.
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SWMM User's Manual |
Size |
Download |
SWMM Manual Part 1
- Disclaimer, Abstract, Preface, Foreward, Figures, Tables, Acknowledgments
- Section 1: Introduction
- Section 2: Executive Block, Graph Routines, System Requirements
- Section 3: Combine Block
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0.85MB |
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SWMM Manual Part 2
- Section 4: Runoff Block (Part I)
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6.2MB |
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SWMM Manual Part 3
- Section 4: Runoff Block (Part II)
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4.6MB |
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SWMM Manual Part 4
- Section 5: Extended Transport Block (see EXTRAN Addendum below)
- Section 6: Transport Block
- Section 7: Storage/Treatment Block
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3.0MB |
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SWMM Manual Part 5
- Section 8: Receiving Water Modeling
- Section 9: Statistics Block
- Section 10: Rain Block
- Section 11: Temp Block
- Section 12: References
- Appendix I: Continuous Simulation
- Appendix II: SWMM Snowmelt Routines
- Appendix III: Reduction of Energy Balance Equation to Degree-Day Equation
- Appendix IV: Storage/Treatment Simulation
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2.3MB |
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SWMM Manual Part 6
- Appendix V: Runoff Block Evaporation, Infiltration, and Routing
- Appendix VI: Transport Block Scour and Deposition
- Appendix VII: Example Analysis of Urban Runoff Quality Data for Modeling Application
- Appendix VIII: Miscellaneous Transport Block Tables
- Appendix IX: Integrated Form of Complete Mixing Quality Routing
- Appendix X: Subsurface Flow Routing in Runoff Block
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4.8MB |
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SWMM Manual Part 7
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3.0MB |
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SWMM Manual Part 8
- Detailed information on the theory and application of the EXTRAN block
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7.6MB |
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Reference
EPA Report EPA/600/R-99/029
- Innovative Urban Wet-Weather Flow Management Systems (1999)
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5.75MB |
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Reference
EPA Report EPA/440/687001
- Methodology for Analysis of Detention Basins for Control of Urban Runoff Quality (1986)
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10.6MB |
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