File: przm2.read.me PRZM2 Pesticide Root Zone Model - Release 2 Version 2.01 Beta for UNIX U.S. EPA Release, June 1996 Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling (CEAM) National Exposure Research Lab - Ecosystems Research Division Office of Research and Development (ORD) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) 960 College Station Road Athens, Georgia 30605-2700 706/546-3770 _________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS Introduction Abstract Documentation Distribution Files File Name and Content Development System Routine Execution Run Time and Performance Minimum File Configuration Modification Technical Help Contact Disclaimer _________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION PRZM2 links two subordinate models, PRZM and the Vadose Zone Flow and Transport Model (VADOFT) to provide a deterministic simulation of fate of agricultural pesticides in the crop root zone and the underlying unsaturated zone. It is capable of simulating multiple pesticides or pesticide parent and daughter product relationships, and estimating probabilities of concentrations or fluxes in or from various media for the purpose of performing exposure assessments. The PRZM and VADOFT codes are linked together in PRZM2 through a flexible execution supervisor that allows the user to build loading modules tailored to site-specific situations. In order to perform probability-based assessments, the code is equipped with a Monte Carlo pre-and post-processor. Updated documentation is included. For a list of modifications since the last release of the PRZM model system (version 2.00, October 1994), refer to the files release.txt and update.txt (refer to FILE NAME AND CONTENT section). NOTE: For convenience, the terms "PRZM2 model system" or "PRZM2" will be used in this document to refer to the PRZM2 model and all associated support files and programs as a single unit. Therefore, the term "PRZM2" is synonymous with "PRZM2 model system" for purposes of this document. _________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Refer to file abstract.txt for an abstract of the PRZM2 model system (refer to FILE NAME AND CONTENT section). _________________________________________________________________ DOCUMENTATION It is recommended that the user obtain and reference the documents listed below to operate and apply the PRZM2 model system. Copies of the following documents are included within the Internet distribution files przm2.tar.Z and przm2.read.me. Refer to FILE NAME AND CONTENT and MINIMUM FILE CONFIGURATION sections for further information. Document Name(s) File Name(s) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PRZM2 model system general execution and przm2.read.me user support guide PRZM2 Model System Release Notes release.txt PRZM2 Model System Update Notes update.txt (Enhancements/updates/additions not covered within current user manual) PRZM2 Model System Abstract abstract.txt PRZM2 Model System User's Manual USERSMAN.DOC CEAM Software Product User Response Form response.txt These documents should be retained by the requester for future reference. NOTE: The file przm2.read.me and those ending in .txt are ASCII text (non-binary) files that can be displayed on the monitor screen by using the UNIX 'more' command (e.g., more przm2.read.me). The file USERSMAN.DOC is a WordPerfect (binary) document file that can only be viewed and/or printed within WordPerfect. These documents should be retained by the requester for reference. _________________________________________________________________ DISTRIBUTION FILES NOTE: k=1,024; m=1,048,576; b=1 byte The distribution files contain the Pesticide Root Zone Model - Release 2 system (PRZM2, Version 2.01 Beta), U.S. EPA release, dated June 1996, for platforms running under the UNIX operating system and its variants. The run-time file is distributed in tarred and compressed UNIX based binary format. This model system is designed for the UNIX family of workstation, mainframe, and/or compatible systems (refer to DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM). There are no hardware specific commands, options, and/or FORTRAN statements within the PRZM2 model system. It has been compiled, linked, and executed under a variety of UNIX hardware and software platforms. It should be compatible with any standard hardware/software platform running UNIX variants. For further information refer to the DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM section. To install the PRZM2 model system and/or related support files and programs on a hard disk o down load the compressed distribution files o uncompress the distribution file (e.g., uncompress przm2.tar.Z o untar the software product file (e.g., tar xvf przm2.tar o change to the product sub-directory (e.g., cd przm2) o execute 'make' command to build executable file (e.g., make) o execute or start an xterm session (e.g., xterm) o execute the software product (e.g., ./przm2) The following FILE NAME AND CONTENT section provides a brief functional description of each file by name or file name extension type. Other sections in this document contain information about o system development tools used to build the UNIX release of the PRZM2 model system o recommended hardware and software configuration for the execution of the model system and all support programs o program execution o minimum file configuration o program modification o technical support _________________________________________________________________ FILE NAME AND CONTENT The distribution files exists in a tarred and compressed format to save disk space and file transfer time. This section contains a description of each file that can be decompressed from the compressed distribution file. Follow the instructions in the DISTRIBUTION FILES section to install, decompress (extract), and restore file(s) to their original name and size in order to place the PRZM2 model system in a usable format on a hard disk. For comparison purposes, the original date and time of creation are also restored with each file. NOTE: Execution of the uncompress and tar commands can extract all PRZM2 model system files. These files are automatically stored into sub-directories on the hard disk. Below the default installation directory (e.g., przm2), all files are grouped and listed by the appropriate sub-directory name into which they will be automatically stored. ** Sub-directory ./readme: NOTE: The following files are ASCII text (non-binary) files that can be displayed on the monitor screen with the UNIX 'more' command. przm2.read.me- PRZM2 model system execution and general support guide. release.txt - Summary of corrections and/or changes between release versions. update.txt - Summary of enhancements, updates, and additions not covered in the current user manual. abstract.txt - PRZM2 Model System Abstract. response.txt - CEAM Software Product User Response Form. ** Sub-directory ./document: NOTE: The following file is a WordPerfect (non-binary) compatible file that can only be viewed and/or printed within the WordPerfect application software system. USERSMAN.DOC - PRZM2 Model System User's Manual. ** Sub-directory . (default installation sub-directory, e.g., przm2): makefile - A "make" script (command) file that compiles and link edits the PRZM2 model and all support library FORTRAN source code files (*.INC, *.f). Refer to the program listings for in-code documentation. The execution of this "make" command produces a new or replaces an existing executable task image file (xprzm2x.exe) for the PRZM2 model. This command file must be executed at least once after all distribution files are uncompressed and untarred. Otherwise, it only needs to be executed if changes have been made in the FORTRAN source code, not an input/output data file. To execute, type make at the UNIX system prompt, then press the key. WARNING: The task image file (xprzm2x.exe) should only be executed using the script command file provided (przm2). przm2 - A script (command) file used to execute the PRZM2 model. To execute, type ./przm2 at the UNIX system prompt, press the key, then respond to the information screen(s) and/or prompt(s) displayed on the monitor screen. For further information on executing PRZM2, refer to the ROUTINE EXECUTION section. przmopen.scr - Initial welcome and CEAM information screen displayed before the execution of the PRZM2 model via the script command file przm2. This is an ASCII text (non-binary) file that can be displayed on the monitor screen with the UNIX 'more' command. PRZM2.RUN - Run time supervisor (command) file for PRZM2. This file contains file name(s) and other run time information, parameter values, input/output file storage path(s) and name(s), and/or setting(s) used during the execution of the PRZM2 model. To use the run time supervisor file, edit the file with a text editor that saves a file to disk in ASCII (non-binary) text format. This file is read automatically by the PRZM2 model and is an ASCII text file that can be displayed on the monitor screen with the UNIX 'more' command. ** Sub-directory ./INPUT NOTE: All PRZM2 model input data and output listing files are ASCII (non-binary) text files that can be displayed on the monitor screen with the UNIX 'more' command. These files can also be viewed or edited using any editor program that can read and save a file to disk in ASCII text (non-binary) format. NOTE: An input or output file path specification and/or file name, as typed within the run time supervisor file must be a unique and valid UNIX path and/or file name. An input data must also be a valid PRZM2 model file name -- either furnished with the distribution package or created, designated, and named by the user. A file name used as input data for the PRZM2 model will be processed and executed in that run of the model. NOTE: Refer to the explanation of the OUTPUT/*.orig files for a procedure to compare the contents of an output file produced by the PRZM2 model on the users system (OUTPUT/*.OUT) to an output file provided within the Internet distribution file przm2.tar.Z. The user must specify file name(s) in the run time supervisor file PRZM2.RUN (refer to explanation of PRZM2.RUN file). A file name used in the PRZM2 run time supervisor file as input data for the PRZM2 model will be processed and executed in the run of the model. NOTE: Test data files furnished with the distribution version of the PRZM2 model system may not be representative of a "real world" problem and/or data. The test data files have been furnished for testing the installation of the PRZM2 model system and for instruction by example. In general, these input test data files are not intended to be representative of full scale model simulations. They were developed to test the installation of significant sections of model code. *.INP - Example input data files (11) to test the installation and demonstrate application of the PRZM2 model. These data files are also furnished to provide instruction by example and can be used as templates for the preparation of new or modified input files. To test the installation, execute the PRZM2 model using the PRZM2.RUN run time supervisor file included within the Internet distribution file przm2.tar.Z. This supervisor file is configured to use the input files PRZM3.INP, VADF3.INP, and MET.INP stored within the INPUT sub-directory, and produce the output files PRZM.OUT, VADF.OUT, and TIMES.OUT within the sub-directory OUTPUT. ** Sub-directory ./OUTPUT: NOTE: The symbol "" represents pressing the , , or carriage return key. Responses and key strokes that can be typed by the user are underlined with the hyphen character (-) and/or enclosed by the angle bracket characters (<>). For further information on executing the PRZM2 model, refer to file przm2 in this section or refer to the ROUTINE EXECUTION section. *.orig - Output listing files (3) produced by the PRZM2 model using test input data files PRZM3.INP, VADF3.INP, and MET.INP that are provided with the distribution release. The run time supervisor file PRZM2.RUN, as distributed by CEAM, is configured to read and process these input files, produce the output listing files PRZM.OUT, VADF.OUT, and TIMES.OUT, and store these output files within the ./OUTPUT sub-directory. After executing the PRZM2 model with the default run time supervisor file, compare the contents of the output files produced (e.g., OUTPUT/*.OUT) with the corresponding output files provided and stored within the sub-directory OUTPUT (i.e., OUTPUT/*.orig). To compare file contents, use the UNIX 'diff' file compare command, or print both files then compare contents by hand. Example PRZM2 interactive (non-batch) execution and file comparison sequence: 1) Change the default sub-directory to the installation sub-directory (e.g., przm2). Use the UNIX 'cd' (change directory) command at the UNIX system prompt: cd przm2 -------- 2) Start and change control to an xterm session. xterm ----- 3) Execute the PRZM2 model. ./przm2 ------- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (Initial PRZM2 banner/registration screen displayed here...press the key to continue model execution...) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (Screen cleared, then PRZM2 Version 2.01 Beta Execution Supervisor run time status, diagnostic, and information screen and messages displayed here while the model executes. When execution is complete the following messages are displayed on the monitor screen...) Returning to Operating system PRZM2 program execution complete. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (Compare the output files supplied to those produced.) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ diff OUTPUT/PRZM.OUT OUTPUT/PRZM.OUT.orig | more ------------------------------------------------ diff OUTPUT/TIMES.OUT OUTPUT/TIMES.OUT.orig | more -------------------------------------------------- diff OUTPUT/VADF.OUT OUTPUT/VADF.OUT.orig | more ------------------------------------------------ ** Sub-directory ./przmcode ** Sub-directory ./adwdmcode ** Sub-directory ./aidecode ** Sub-directory ./utilcode ** Sub-directory ./wdmcode *.INC - FORTRAN source code "include" files containing FORTRAN COMMON block declarations for the PRZM2 model and libraries. These files are automatically included or "copied" into FORTRAN source code files (*.f) during compilation. *.f - FORTRAN source code files for the PRZM2 model and associated libraries, version 2.01 Beta. ttyux.c - C source code file linked within the util library. ** Sub-directory . (default install sub-directory, e.g., przm2): ** Sub-directory ./OUTPUT Special Run Time Files NOTE: The following file(s) are not distributed with the distribution release. They are created and/or updated (appended to) automatically when the user executes the PRZM2 model. These files can be cleaned up (i.e., deleted) at any time by the user. KECHO.PRN - For further information on these files, refer to RESTART.PRZ the user's manual and addendum files (refer to VFLOW.RST DOCUMENTATION section). These files are created VTRANS.RST during the execution of the PRZM2 model. VADT.TAP _________________________________________________________________ DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM The following list describes the language and program development tools used by the Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling to build version 2.01 Beta of the UNIX implementation of the PRZM2 model system. Also shown are the recommended minimum hardware and software configuration implementation and execution of this model and all related support files and programs. Development System: Hardware System: Sun SPARCstation 20 Language: FORTRAN 77, c Operating System: SunOS 5.5 Compiler/Link Editor: SPARCompiler FORTRAN Version 3.00 Other Tools: make, gnu c, xterm Storage Requirements: (k=1,024; m=1,048,576) Hard Disk Drive: Installation: 2,265K bytes make: 12,818K bytes Run-time: Up to approximately 13,135K bytes plus space for user input data files, output, and temporary files produced by model (refer to MINIMUM FILE CONFIGURATION section). Printer: For *.DOC file only, HP LaserJet III PostScript or compatible printer. Printer Software: For *.DOC file only, WordPerfect version 5.1 or greater. _________________________________________________________________ ROUTINE EXECUTION NOTE: The symbol "" represents pressing the , , or carriage return key. Responses and key strokes that can be typed by the user are underlined with the hyphen character (-) and/or enclosed by the angle bracket characters (<>). Introduction ~~~~~~~~~~~~ Complete the installation process to make the full or any portion of the PRZM2 model system and related files resident on a hard disk drive. This needs to be completed only once for a given installation of the PRZM2 model system. Storage ~~~~~~~ Verify that the PRZM2 model executable task image file (xprzm2x.exe), all run time support files, PRZM2 run time supervisor file, and user defined input data file(s) are in the current (default) sub-directory. It is convenient but not required to have these files in the same sub-directory. Routine Execution Steps ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Step Description/Action ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1) Change the default sub-directory to the installation sub- directory (e.g., przm2). Use the 'cd' (change directory) command at the UNIX system prompt: cd przm2 -- ----- 2) Start and change control to an xterm session. xterm ----- 3) To execute the PRZM2 model, type: ./przm2 ------- After an opening banner/registration screen is displayed on the monitor, press the key to clear the screen and continue model execution. Viewing Output Results ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ After executing the PRZM2 model executable task image file, the user can view an output file, if any, produced by the execution of the model if and only if that file is in ASCII text (non- binary) format. Results can be viewed by scrolling through the output file that was (1) a result of model or program execution and/or (2) named by the user at a run time prompt or in a run time supervisor file. A word processor or text editor is convenient for this purpose, or the UNIX command more filename can be used where "filename" is the name of the output file. File Name and Path Specifications ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A file name, path specification, and/or the parameter file name argument "filename" must be a unique and valid UNIX path and/or file name. The user response "filename" must also be a valid PRZM2 model system input or output file name -- either furnished with the distribution package (refer to FILE NAME AND CONTENT section) or created, designated, and named by the user. A file name used as input data for any program and/or model in the PRZM2 model system will be processed and executed in that run of the program or model. File names used for the input data and/or output listing files (except for the test input and example output cases provided) are arbitrary, but must follow the rules for UNIX file names. A file name should assist the user with identifying the contents or purpose of a file (e.g., INPUT.DAT, input.dat, OUTPUT.LST, or output.lst). NOTE: Refer to the explanation of the *.OUT and *.orig files in the FILE NAME AND CONTENT section for a procedure to compare the contents of an output file produced on the users system to an output file provided with the distribution release. _________________________________________________________________ RUN TIME AND PERFORMANCE Program run time and performance can be affected by many computer system and program parameters including o available disk space o available memory o CPU speed o configuration and/or file options and parameter values o disk and/or file storage and/or fragmentation o concurrent tasks _________________________________________________________________ MINIMUM FILE CONFIGURATION The following list describes the absolute minimum file configuration needed within the application sub-directory to execute the PRZM2 model system and all support command files and programs. This list assumes that o the PRZM2 model system and all support files and programs have been successfully installed from the distribution release o the user has defined and stored all application specific run time files o the PRZM2 model has been successfully compiled and linked NOTE: Files other than those listed below can be deleted if the user needs to recover disk space. ** Sub-directory ./readme: przm2.read.me- PRZM2 model system execution and general support guide. release.txt - Summary of corrections and/or changes between release versions. update.txt - Summary of enhancements, updates, and additions not covered in the current user manual. abstract.txt - PRZM2 Model System Abstract. response.txt - CEAM Software Product User Response Form. ** Sub-directory ./document: USERSMAN.DOC - PRZM2 Model System User's Manual. ** Sub-directory . (default installation sub-directory, e.g., przm2): makefile - A "make" script (command) file that compiles and link edits the PRZM2 model. WARNING: The task image file (xprzm2x.exe) should only be executed using the script command file provided (przm2). przm2 - A script (command) file used to execute the PRZM2 model. przmopen.scr - Initial welcome and CEAM information screen. PRZM2.RUN - Run time supervisor (command) file for PRZM2. ** Sub-directory ./INPUT *.INP - Example input data files (11). ** Sub-directory ./OUTPUT: *.orig - Output listing files (3) produced by the PRZM2 model. _________________________________________________________________ MODIFICATION Included with the distribution release are o FORTRAN, c, and 'make' source code files for UNIX and compatible variant systems (refer to DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM section) A FORTRAN and c compiler and link editor are required to build the PRZM2 model system executable task image file. To install or modify any portion of the PRZM2 model system, it will be up to the user to supply and/or obtain o an appropriate text editor that saves files in ASCII text (non-binary) format o FORTRAN and c program development tools to recompile and link edit the model or any associated run time support library The U.S. EPA CEAM cannot support, maintain, and/or be responsible for modifications that change the function of any executable task image file (xprzm2x.exe) or script command file(s) supplied with this model package. _________________________________________________________________ TECHNICAL HELP CONTACT NOTE: This section assumes that the user has successfully completed the installation process to make the full or any portion of the PRZM2 model system and related files resident and fully operational on a hard disk drive. For further information on installation and execution, refer to the DISTRIBUTION FILES and ROUTINE EXECUTION sections. For questions and/or information concerning o installation and/or testing of the PRZM2 model system and/or support programs or files, call 706/546-3770 for assistance or send mail via Internet to ceam@epamail.epa.gov o model content, theory and/or application, call 706/546- 3183 for assistance o use of the CEAM Internet site contact the system manager at 706/546-3770 o other environmental software products and documentation distributed through CEAM, contact the Model Distribution Coordinator at 706/546-3770 o other support available through CEAM, contact Mr. Frank Stancil, CEAM Manager - by mail at the following address Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling (CEAM) Athens Environmental Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 960 College Station Road Athens, Georgia 30605-2700 - by telephone at 706/546-3130 - by fax at 706/546-3340 - by email or Internet at ceam@epamail.epa.gov To help technical staff provide better assistance, write down a response to the following topics before calling or writing. If calling, be at the computer, with the computer on, and in the proper sub-directory (e.g., przm2) when the call is placed. o program information: - describe the problem, including the exact wording of any error and/or warning message(s) - list the exact steps, command(s), and/or keyboard key sequence that will reproduce the problem o machine information: - list computer brand and model - list available RAM - list available hard disk space - list the brand and version of UNIX - printer brand and model - monitor brand and model NOTE: If contacting CEAM by mail or fax, include responses to the above information in correspondence. To check the status of the latest release of this model system or any other CEAM software product contact Internet node earth1.epa.gov The PRZM2 model system and selected other CEAM software products for microcomputer and/or UNIX installation and application can be down loaded through Internet from the above node via "anonymous" ftp (File Transfer Protocol) log in and file transfer commands and options. For further information on this Internet node and ftp, refer to document files USERINFO.TXT, QREF_WWW.TXT, and QUICKREF.TXT that are included in the file INTERNET.ZIP that can be down loaded from the Internet. To access CEAM software products via Internet, start the ftp program from the user's Internet node system (type 'ftp'), establish earth1 connection (type 'open earth1.epa.gov'), log onto earth1 using anonymous account (type 'anonymous'). Respond to password prompt with users e-mail or Internet address. Then, upon log in completion, type 'cd epa_ceam', read CEAM Internet Welcome Screen, then type 'get CEAMNEWS.TXT -' to view latest news and list of CEAM software products available on the Internet. The same selected CEAM software products as mentioned above are also available through the World Wide Web (WWW). If the user has access to the World Wide Web, selected CEAM software products, including PRZM2, can be accessed at the following Uniform Resource Locator (URL): ftp://ftp.epa.gov/epa_ceam/wwwhtml/ceamhome.htm _________________________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER Mention of trade names or use of commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Execution of any portion of the PRZM2 model system, and modification to system configuration files must be used and/or made at the user's own risk. Neither the U.S. EPA nor the program author(s) can assume responsibility for model and/or program modification, content, output, interpretation, or usage. The PRZM2 program and files have been extensively tested and verified. However, as for all complex software products, the programs herein may not be completely free of errors and may not be applicable for all cases. In no event will the U.S. EPA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of the programs and/or associated documentation. CEAM software products are built using FORTRAN-77, assembler, and operating system interface command languages. The code structure and logic of these products is designed for single-user, single-tasking, non-LAN environment and operating platform for microcomputer and UNIX installations (i.e., single user on dedicated system). A user will be on their own if he/she attempts to install a CEAM product on a multi-user, multi-tasking, and/or LAN based system (i.e., Windows, DESQview, any LAN). CEAM cannot provide installation, operation, and/or general user support under any combination of these configurations. Instructions and conditions for proper installation and testing are provided with the product in a "read me" file. While multiuser/multitasking/LAN installations could work, none of the CEAM products have been thoroughly tested under all possible conditions. CEAM can provide selected and/or limited scientific and/or application support for selected products if the user proves that a given product is installed and working correctly. o WordPerfect is a registered trademark of WordPerfect Corporation o Microway and Number Smasher are registered trademarks of Microway, Inc. o Intel, 386, 486, and 860 are registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. o F77L is a registered trademark of Lahey Computer Systems, Inc. All other Lahey products are trademarks of Lahey Computer Systems, Inc. o IBM, Personal Computer/XT (PC/XT), Personal Computer/AT (PC/AT), PC DOS, VDISK, and Personal System/2 (PS/2) are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation o PKZIP, PKUNZIP, and PKSFX are registered trademarks and/or trademarks of PKWARE, Incorporated. o DESQview is a trademark of Quarterdeck Office Systems, Inc. o Sun and SunOS are registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. o SPARC is a registered trademark of SPARC International, Inc. o UNIX is a registered trademark of American Telephone and Telegraph o SVS FORTRAN-77 is a trademark of Silicon Valley Software o PRIME and PRIMOS are trademarks of Prime Computers, Inc. o Microsoft, RAMDRIVE, HIMEM, MS, and MS-DOS are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation o Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation o RM/FORTRAN is a trademark of Language Processors, Inc. o DEC, VAX, VMS, and DCL are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation o US Robotics is a registered trademark and Courier HST is a trademark of U.S. Robotics, Inc. o VP-Expert is a registered trade mark of WordTech Systems, Inc. ######################### DWD/dwd - July 1996 - E:\PRZM2\UNIXVERS\READ.ME